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Prevention

AF AND THE CHALLENGES OF MEDICATION Many patients at risk of stroke want an alternative to oral anticoagulants (OACs), for example, warfarin and non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs).7 40%…
Diagnosis

AF AND STROKE ARE OFTEN CONNECTED 90% are caused by clots formed in the LAA5 5x higher risk for patients with AF1 1 in 7 are caused by AF8 Characteristics of strokes caused by AF1: MORE …
Overview

AF AND THE LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE Because the upper chambers of the heart (atria) are unable to contract properly in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), clots are able to form. A common site for…
Diagnosis

Characteristics that are strongly associated with a causal role of PFO in an ischemic stroke of unknown cause are:9 Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) and/or a moderate-to-severe shunt Atrial septal…
Overview

PATENT FORAMEN OVALE (PFO) The foramen ovale is vital for fetal circulation, when blood returning to the right atrium is shunted through to the left atrium. Post birth, the foramen ovale closes…
Transcatheter Replacement

The concept of TAVI involves the use of a stent-mounted bioprosthetic valve which is deployed in the aortic position using vascular catheterisation techniques. This approach avoids sternotomy and…
Surgical Replacement

With the availability of prosthetic heart valves, SAVR has become the procedure of choice for AS.17 Clinical benefits of SAVR include:23,24 Survival benefit for patients with symptomatic…
Transcatheter Replacement

TRANSCATHETER Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVr): To date, TMVR has generally been used in: Surgical high-risk patients. Patients who are not candidates for TMVr as their mitral valve anatomy is…
Transcatheter Repair

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) is a minimally invasive option: Overall, many patients in need of valve reconstruction or replacement do not undergo surgery because of high perioperative…
Surgical Repair or Replacement

PRIMARY MITRAL REGURGITATION (PMR) Surgical repair of the mitral valve is the gold standard treatment for PMR in patients with evidence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction or dilation.6,17,22…